Saturday, August 8, 2009

APPLICATIONS OF DUAL (or MULTI) CORE TECHNOLOGY

Multi-core architecture has a single processor package that contains two or more processor "execution cores," or computational engines. Multi-core processors allow you to complete today's computing tasks more efficiently and will enable entirely new computing experiences, and the benefits apply to server and client platforms, as well as the home and enterprise environments. Multi-core capability can enhance user experiences in multitasking environments, namely, where a number of foreground applications run concurrently with a number of background applications such as virus protection and security, wireless, management, compression, encryption and synchronization.

In the home, you can be downloading a music file while editing your digital photos and your virus protection software can continue running seamlessly in the background. In the office, you can run that productivity application while the IT department's management software and virus protection software continue running seamlessly in the background. In addition to these scenarios, multi-core computing enhances multitasking where separate processor cores are assigned to the different functions the user wants to run concurrently, as well as multiprocessing where multiple cores are working on portions of the same function.

Increased computing capabilities : The obvious user benefit is this: by multiplying the number of cores in the processor, Intel dramatically increases the PC's capabilities and computing resources, which reflects a shift to better responsiveness, higher multithreaded throughput, and the benefits of parallel computing in mainstream applications.

Intel has been driving toward parallelism for more than a decade: first with multiprocessor platforms and then with Hyper-Threading Technology¹ (HT Technology), which was introduced by Intel in 2002 and enables processors to execute tasks in parallel by weaving together multiple "threads" in a single-core processor. But whereas HT Technology is limited to a single core using existing execution resources more efficiently to better enable threading, multi-core capability provides two or more complete sets of execution resources to increase overall compute throughput.

New benefits for both home and business : A multitasking scenario can be as simple as a home user editing photos while recording a TV show through a digital video recorder while a child—in another room of the house—streams a music file from the same PC. In a business setting, users could increase their productivity by performing multiple tasks more efficiently, such as working on several office-related applications as the system runs virus software in the background. Keep reading for specific scenarios.

In the digital enterprise : Today the steady increase in the density of systems in data centers is creating power and cooling challenges for many IT organizations. Part of the answer will be Intel® multi-core server platforms. By enabling a single processor form factor to serve multiple processor cores, these platforms will provide superior energy-efficient performance and scalability while remaining relatively constant in power consumption, heat and space requirements. As a result, more processing capacity can be concentrated into fewer servers. This means greater density and fewer servers to manage.

In the digital office : Multi-core processors hold the promise of continuing the enormous increases in computer performance seen over the last quarter century. What will this performance mean for office productivity? Graphic designers, for instance, can render images much more quickly on multi-core systems. The greater responsiveness of multi-core platforms translates into less waiting for everyone in the digital office. For people like stockbrokers this could literally mean dollars, as their computers enable more-informed investment decisions and faster trades.

In the digital home : The digital home, with ever-growing numbers of networked PC and consumer electronics devices, will increasingly depend on the multitasking capabilities of multi-core processors to handle the demands of orchestrating the different networked TVs, stereos, cameras, and other devices and appliances in the household. Multi-core is also taking gaming to a whole new level, and will also make multiparty gaming ubiquitous. Tomorrow's computers will be powerful enough to run multiparty gaming and collaboration on their own. No longer will games have to be housed in huge servers—they will be distributed across the Internet. That should enable greater proliferation and access, plus inspire new forms of games and collaboration.

For mobile users : Intel® Centrino® mobile technology has taken mobile computing to places we never dreamed of. Who would have envisioned working remotely in a coffee shop via Wi-Fi* just a few years ago? Adding multi-core processors to the mobile mix will expand horizons even more. Incredible new mobile technologies will enable doctors in cities to remotely diagnose patients living in isolated locations—and that's just one scenario. You can be sure there are others we haven't even dreamed of yet.

submissin links

I had rounded up a list of almost every search engine on the Web including top tier, second tier and some really out there search engines that allow you to submit your site for free as many of them have limited crawlers and may or may not ever find your site. Below is that list with the engine name and a direct link to the submission page:


Automated free search engine submission resources (includes some web directories and niche search engines):

350 Search Engine Submissions - Link
140 Search Engines and Web Directory Submissions - Link
50 Search Engine Submissions - Link
40 Search Engine and Web Directory Submissions - Link
21 Search Engines and Web Directory Submissions - Link
20 Search Engine Submissions (at bottom of page) - Link
12 Search Engine Submissions - Link

Individual free search engine submission links:

Burf - Submission Page
Exalead - Submission Page
guruji - Submission Page
Gigablast - Submission Page
Entireweb - Submission Page
FyberSearch - Submission Page
MixCat - Submission Page
OneSeek - Submission Page
WhatUseek - Submission Page
Scrub The Web - Submission Page
Search Site - Submission Page
Infotiger - Submission Page
SonicRun - Submission Page
Abacho - Submission Page
Acoon.com - Submission Page
Amfibi - Submission Page
homerweb - Submission Page
JGDO - Submission Page
Myahint - Submission Page
Walhello - Submission Page

Just Added 3/20/08!

Big Finder - Submission Page
Search Hippo (requires free registration) - Submission Page
Web Squash - Submission Page
W8 Search - Submission Page
Tower Search (requires registration) - Submission Page

Just Added 3/21/08 - Decided to add in some of the major players after many requests.

Baidu (in Chinese, but pretty easy to figure out) - Submission Page
Google - Submission Page
Yahoo - (reguires free registration) - Submission Page
MSN/LIVE - Submission Page
Search-O-Rama - Submission Page
Igwanna - Submission Page
Cipinet - Submission Page

Just Added 3/25/08

Navisso - Submission Page
AxxaSearch - Submission Page
Dino Search (for kids sites only) - Submission Page
Boitho - Submission Page
Gheto Search - Submission Page
Intel Seek - Submission Page
Search Ramp - Site Submission
Ultimate Web Search - Site Submission

Just added 3/29/08

Find Once - Submission Page
Net Search - Submission Page
Susy Search - Submission Page

Just added additional Chinese search engines 4/2/08

iASK - Submission Page
ZhongSou.com - Submission Page

Just added 4/7/08

Famhoo (family friendly search) - Submission Page
ExactSeek (requires registration) - Submission Page
AcrossCan (Canadian sites only) - Submission Page
Megaglobe - Submission Page

Just added 4/14/08

AnooX - Submission Page

Just added 4/20/08

Alexa - Submission Page
Aesop - Submission Page
Shoula! Search - Submission Page
NetSearch - Submission Page

Just added 4/22/08

SearchIt - Submission Page

Just added 4/24/08

Biveroo - (in German) Submission Page
Official Search - Submission Page
Iconnic - Submission Page
Coolfishy - Submission Page
CorrectSearch (requires registration) - Submission Page

Just added 4/27/08

Enter UK (UK sites only) - Submission Page
seeknet - Submission Page

Just added 4/30/08

hakia (requires registration) - Submission Page
gogo - (Russian site) - Submission Page

Just added 5/4/08

43N39E - Submission Page

Just added 5/6/08

Antya (click on Submit URL) - Submission Page
VROOSH! (requires reciprocal link) - Submission Page

Just added 5/12/08

Searchme - Submission Page

Just added 5/17/08

Claymont Search - Submission Page
Really Big Search (requires registration) - Submission Page
Search Engine XXX (not adult - requires registration) - Submission Page
shazee (requires registration) - Submission Page

Just added 5/23/08

BoroLook - Submission Page

Just added 5/30/08

amidalla - Submit Page
Wedoo.com (requires registration) - Submit Page
Stopdog - Submission Page
searchengine.com - Submission Page
eXactBot - Submission Page

Just added 6/13/08

Vmgo.com - Submission Page

Just added 6/16/08

Blue.lu - Submission Page

Just added 6/29/08

eBingBong - Submission Page

Just added 7/1/08

Jungle Spider (German Sites Only) - Submission Page
NIGMA.RU (Russian) - Submission Page

Just added 7/3/08

Swoogle - Submission Page
Knoole - Submission Page

Just added 7/6/08

XavierSeek - Submission Page

Just added 7/13/08

Lexxe - Submission Page

Just added 7/16/08

Xoole - Submission Page

Just added 7/20/08

eTracking (have to click on 'Add URL') - Submission Page

Just added 7/27/08

Zoohoo (Slovakia)- Submission Page

Just added 7/31/08

Foovey Search (requires registration) - Submission Page

Just added 8/6/08

Cavarzano (Italian) - Submission Page

Just added 8/8/08

Yandex (Russian) - Submission Page

Just added 8/12/08

Yoozila - Submission Page
Searchii (click on 'Add your Site' link) - Submission Page

Just added 9/15/08

(They are all part of the same network, so submitting to one WILL most likely provide data to all of them)

Web Portal Guide - Submission Page
Search Blast - Submission Page
The Seek Portal - Submission Page
Find That Website - Submission Page
Search It Guide - Submission Page
Find Similar Pages - Submission Page
Smart Search Guide - Submission Page
Klik Point - Submission Page
Hi Seek - Submission Page
Hot Site Search - Submission Page
More Web Search - Submission Page
Peak Search - Submission Page
Prime Search Results - Submission Page
Search Box - Submission Page
Ifernatix Solutions - Submission Page
The Original Search Engine - Submission Page
amele - Submission Page
AZ to ZA - Submission Page
Dr. Search - Submission Page
Help You Search - Submission Page
My Search Pilot - Submission Page
Therbo Search - Submission Page
Search Engine Tool - Submission Page
Your Reply - Submission Page
Mouse Click - Submission Page
Dash Launch - Submission Page
All Best Search - Submission Page
Better Internet Search - Submission Page
I Need Search - Submission Page
Local Search Engine - Submission Page
Ask the Search Guru - Submission Page
Searching Portal - Submission Page
Home Business Data Center - Submission Page
Go Find Here - Submission Page
Webmaster Tools - Submission Page
Sitefind - Submission Page
Gokoole - Submission Page
BruneiFM - Submission Page
AcuSearch - Submission Page
My Coco Land - Submission Page
All Can Seek - Submission Page
All U Search - Submission Page
All We Seek - Submission Page
And Search - Submission Page
AskSearch - Submission page
Beat Bop - Submission Page
Best City Search - Submission Page
Best Net Search - Submission Page
Big Splash - Submission Page
Computer Seek - Submission Page
DigiCrawl - Submission Page
Dot Search - Submission Page
Easy To Search - Submission Page
Final Search - Submission Page
Find This - Submission Page
Find Path - Submission Page
Find Your Search - Submission Page
FindZilla - Submission Page
Fitter Bitter - Submission Page
Search Network - Submission Page
Hip Flip - Submission Page
Hypno Search - Submission Page
Lightning Search - Submission Page
Meta Search Live - Submission Page
MicroSeek - Submission Page
Mota Crawler - Submission Page
One Search Nation - Submission Page
Querybit - Submission Page
Rapid Crawl - Submission Page
Refresh Line - Submission Page
Remote Search - Submission Page
Search Mind - Submission Page
Search Quick - Submission Page
Search Bell - Submission Page
Sly Seek - Submission Page
SparkleBerry - Submission Page
Surfer Search - Submission Page
Sweet Search - Submission Page
Teeter Totter - Submission Page
Text Billboards - Submission Page
Think Seek - Submission Page
Thunder Seek - Submission Page
World Seek - Submission Page
Wow Seek - Submission Page
Yuppy Search - Submission Page
Maddog's Profiles - Submission Page
WaWiz - Submission Page
More Web Search - Submission Page
Find Portal - Submission Page
exopple - Submission Page

Just added 9/22

iDoFind.com - Submission Page

Just added 9/25

DeepIndex (in French, but indexes English pages also) - Submission Page
SpongeLink (currently only US and UK sites) - Submission Page

Just added 9/26

ubExact - Submission Page

Just added 10/9

TROPICA (in German, but appears to accept English sites) - Submission Page
www.search.ch (Swiss, but offers multiple languages) - Submission Page

Just added 10/10

XOLA (Vietnamese, but appears to accept English sites) - Submission Page

Just added 10/18

Thorseek (UK only sites - URL must end in suffix '.uk') - Submission Page

Just added 10/21

WEBoFANT (Swiss only sites - URL must end in suffix '.il' or '.ch') - Submission Page
Oriango - Submission Page
Find Once - Submission Page

Just added 11/5/08

cuil - Submission Page

Just added 11/9/08

Harmony Search (text mostly in Japanese) - Submission Page
WASALive! - Submission Page
Anopt (in Russian) - Submission Page
Rambler (in Russian) - Submission Page

Just added 11/16/08

META (Ukranian - requires registration) - Submission Page

Just added 12/01/08

Seznam (Czech) - Submission Page
acoon.de (German) - Submission Page

Just added 12/8/08

fastbot (German) - Submission Page
Semager (German) - Submission Page
KOBALA (Dutch) - Submission Page

Just added 12/18/08

Super.Info - Submission Page
Zatka (only Indian sites) - Submission Page
Abraham Search - Submission Page

Just added 12/19/08

Insitor (German) - Submission Page
Pogodak! (Croatian) - Submission Page

Just added 12/26/08
4-everY-1 - Submission Page

Just added 1/6/09
Searchers (UK) - Submission Page

Just added 1/13/09
onkosh (in Arabic) - Submission Page

Just added 1/23/09
Redzee - Submission Page (please note that is says that submissions are to only update the image used in visual portion of the engine results, it will add new sites in this way also)

Just added 1/28/09
Majestic-12 - Submission Page

Just added 2/11/09
SearchWiz - Submission Page

Just added 3/4/09
Sagoon (requires registration) - Submission Page

Just added 4/5/09
ODCN.org (Chinese) - Submission Page
NetSprint (Polish) - Submission Page

Just added 4/19/09
Nepal Search (Nepal sites only) - Submission Page
YAAL.DE (German) - Submission Page

Just added 4/20/09
All Xplore - Submission Page

Just added 4/29/09
Mardox - Submission Page

Just added 5/4/09
AnazitisiS - Submission Page

Just added 5/5/09
Yasmos - Submission Page

Just added 5/11/09
Najdi.si - Submission Page

Just added 5/13/09
HopHunt - Submission Page

Just added 5/21/09
STSEEK - Submission Page

Just added 5/25/09
Cnous.ch (French sites only) - Submission Page
Thagodz - Submission Page

dual core processor

Dual-core microprocessors are currently the center of attention in computing design. There is a definite shift away from ever higher frequencies to multicore processors to meet higher-performance requirements without pushing power consumption beyond what can be tolerated in many applications. It’s not just about a drastic improvement in the speed of different applications, but a completely new digital experience. Employing virtualization technology to share a single CPU platform between Windows and an RTOS performs well for a large number of real-time Windows applications. Typically, applications with cycle times of one millisecond or slower are served quite well by this arrangement and have been deployed on standard desktop and industrial motherboard platforms (e.g., single-core Intel Pentium 4 and Celeron processors running at speeds of 1-3GHz). There are some applications which demand even faster cycle times; the availability of dual-core processors can improve real-time cycle times by an order of magnitude. When virtual machines share a single-core CPU they must maintain a full machine context (or a partial context in the case of a hyper-threaded core) to switch between the two operating systems. Saving and restoring these contexts results in overhead that affects latencies and minimum cycle times. The overhead can contribute 10 to 30 microseconds to event latency. For cycle times of one millisecond or slower, 10-30 microseconds of latency represents a jitter variation of only a few percent.
When applied to a dual-core processor, this technology can dedicate one CPU core to the RTOS; meaning the instruction cycles of the dedicated core are available 100% of the time to the RTOS and its processes. All remaining CPU cores are dedicated to the Windows virtual machine. Contention for key CPU resources such as pipelines, cache, and the FPU are avoided. Coordination between the two virtual machines is enhanced by using the built-in interprocessor communication mechanisms, completely eliminating context switch times.
In a dedicated multi-core configuration, real-time event latencies are reduced by an order of magnitude over single-core hardware, to as low as 1-3 microseconds. Cycle times of 50-200 microseconds are possible for very precise and accurate control loops.
This seminar attempts to peep in this technology and tries to explain the need for evolution for such a technique and the alternative paths that have been followed since. It also surmises the advantages and disadvantages of using such systems.

Dual core technology

Dual core technology refers to two individual microprocessors on a single die cast chip. This is essentially two computer processing units (CPUs) in one. The advantage of a dual core chip is that tasks can be carried out in parallel streams, decreasing processing time. This is referred to as thread-level parallelism (TLP).

TLP is also possible on motherboards that can accommodate two separate CPU dies. When TLP is accomplished in a single CPU through dual core technology, it is called chip-level multiprocessing (CLM).

In dual core CPUs, each microprocessor generally has its own on-board cache, known as Level 1 (L1) cache. L1 cache significantly improves system performance, because it is much faster to access on-chip cache than to use random access memory (RAM). L1 cache is accessed at microprocessor speeds.

Dual core chips also commonly feature secondary shared cache on the CPU, known as Level 2 (L2) cache. Motherboards may also have a cache chip designated as Level 3 (L3) cache. While faster than RAM, L3 cache is slower than cache built into the dual core chip.

Dual core technology has advantages over double-core or twin-core technology. These latter terms refer to two independent CPUs installed on the same motherboard. Dual core chips take up less real estate on the motherboard, have greater cache coherency, and consume less power than two independent CPUs. However, dual core technology also has its drawbacks.

For software to take advantage of dual core architecture, it must be written to utilize parallel threading. Otherwise, the program functions in single-core mode, using just one data stream or one of the built-in microprocessors. Unfortunately, coding for TLP is quite intensive, as interleaving shared data can create errors and slow performance. Because of these and other issues, a dual core processor does not deliver twice the speed of a single-core processor, though there is a significant increase in performance under optimal conditions. Finally, dual core chips run hotter than their single-core cousins.

Whether a dual core processor is right for you will depend on what you plan to use your computer for. If the programs you regularly require are designed for TLP, then you may benefit greatly from a dual core chip. If not, you may be better served by a high-end single-core CPU.

Processor:

A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.

The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU).The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor

INTEL 80486DX4 (Code Name: P24C / P24CT)

Microprocessor first introduced in 1994.The 486DX4 would triple that of the system that operated it.

INTEL PENTIUM (Code Name: P5 (Pentium 60 - 66MHz))

Microprocessor introduced March 22, 1993 designed to replace the 486 processors. The new Pentium had an additional 1.9 million transistors when compared to the 80486DX. The Pentium has a 32-bit address bus and a 64-bit data bus, and it can operate at speeds of 60MHz to 200MHz. The Pentium was released in three generations. The first-generation of Pentium processors was the Pentium 60 and 66 MHz. These chips used a 273-pin PGA form factor and ran on 5v power. Intel announced the release of a second-generation introduced March 7, 1994 included new processors from 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166, and 200 MHz. The processors used 296-pin SPGA form factor that is physically incompatible with the first generation versions. The third-generation of Pentium processors, code named P55C, were introduced January 1997, which incorporated the new technology MMX. The Pentium MMX processors were available 166, 200, 233 MHz, and 266 MHz mobile version.

INTEL PENTIUM PRO

Microprocessor which was designed for the corporate users and for high-end servers and workstations, preferably those using Windows NT. The Pentium Pro CPUs are extremely fast with 32-bit applications and 3-D image processing and rendering when compared to previous Intel processors. The chip runs at 166MHz and higher

INTEL PENTIUM II

Initially the Pentium II 233MHz was released in 1997 and introduced a new physical architecture which encased a circuit board within a plastic case. With this new technology, this allowed the chip to be easily added and removed. However, previous owners of Pentium motherboard could not upgrade to this new type of chip unless the motherboard they had included a SLOT 1 technology. The Pentium II runs from 233MHz to 450MHz.

INTEL PENTIUM III

Initially the Pentium III 500 MHz was released in 1999;shortly after its release, Intel introduced the Pentium III 550 MHz processor. The Pentium III chip continued to use the SLOT 1 and could be used on previous Pentium II motherboards with BIOS support. Before its release, a big controversy concerning privacy. The Intel Pentium III chips have an ID for each chip helping to authenticate peoples' purchases over the Internet. However, many argued that this was another way for someone to find out personal information about the individual without their consent. Intel disabled this feature by default and allowed it to be enabled after releasing the chip.

KNOWN CPU BUGS--80386

Some 386DX 16MHz Intel processors had a small bug which appeared as a software problem. The bug occurred when running true 32-bit code in a program such as within OS/2 2.x, Unix/386, or Windows in Enhanced mode. The bug would cause the system to lock up and is a difficult issue to determine without having Intel actually look at the chip. Chips that passed the test, and all subsequent chips which were bug-free, were marked with a double-sigma symbol. 386DX chips that are not marked with either of these symbols may have not been tested by Intel and may be defective.

KNOWN CPU BUGS--PENTIUM

One of the most famous and most known bugs is the Pentium FPU flaw / bug discovered by a a mathematician in 1994.This bug involved the Pentium incorrectly performing floating-point calculations with certain number combinations, with errors anywhere from the third digit on up. This issue does not occur on 120MHz and above Pentium computers but is known to occur on Intel Pentiums 100MHz and below.

INTERPOSER

A number of Intel Motherboards incorrectly support the Write Back mode of the Intel Pentium OverDrive processor. Because of this you will be unable to successfully upgrade your CPU. However, to rectify this issue, Intel created a chip called the interposer. This chip allows the computer to work around the design errors.

Documentation for installing the interposer should be included with the interposer. If by chance documentation is not included you can find alternate installation help at Intel's web site (Search for Interposer).

The AMD Athlon Processors History

Amd Athlon Processors History began with the original Athlon Classic, which is the first seventh-generation x86 processor and since it is the first, it remained to be the first performance lead over Intel for a couple of years.

It showed a lot of promise as it showed superior performance compared to the Pentium 3 which was the champion at that time. The second generation Athlon called The Thunderbird came along in year 2000. It had a speed ranging from 600 to 1400 MHz. AMD replaced the 512 KiB external reduced speed cache used by the Athlon Classic with 256 KiB of on-chip, full speed exclusive cache. The Thunderbird at this time, won over rival Pentium 3 but AMD did not stop there. AMD released The Palomino or the Athlon XP. XP meaning "Extreme Performance". Then AMD released The Thunderbird which is at 1.8 GHz. Then the fifth generation Athlon came along, Barton core processors, running at the same speed as the Thoroughbred predecessors.

Finally, the Mobile Athlon XP was introduced. It has lower power consumption, and lower heat production which is basically used for the notebook. AMD is not stopping and is still continuing to improve its processors as to beat it's rival Intel. See cpu-lab.com for more details on the AMD Processor.

AMD ex CEO Jerry Sanders vision was to create a "virtual gorilla" that would equip AMD to compete with Intel. A couple of years later, AMD released Athlon K7 processor. AMD got lots of benefits working with Motorola as AMD was able to refine copper interconnect manufacturing to the production stage one year earlier than Intel.

Friday, August 7, 2009

PROCESSORS


 

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